AI : What is?Since when?
This article provides a detailed history of the quest of human, that is to making machine capable of human level intelligence(at least!).It also define the concepts and underlying fields in AI.
What is AI?
According to wikipedia,
The term “artificial intelligence” is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic “cognitive” functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as “learning” and “problem solving”.
In simple words, AI is the intelligence which is produced by machine and currently we are harnessing it’s power and exploring the possibility of making it to human level intelligence.
Apart from these,the defination of AI or the concept of AI is the quest of humanity which has been continued since history.Here, is how we came to know aabout AI ( i.e how we devloped it) and how we are utilizing its capability —
Key events in the history of artificial intelligence:
1700s:
The first idea of a machine having some intelligence was depicted in the book Guliver’s Travel. The exact term was ‘engine’, whose intended purpose was to improve knowledge and mechanical operations to a point where even the least talented person would seem to be skilled.
(Earliest idea of a non-human mind)
1921:Invention of the word ‘robot’
Karel Čapek, a Czech playwright, released his science fiction play “Rossum’s Universal Robots” . His play explored the concept of factory-made artificial people whom he called robots — the first known reference to the word. From this point onward, people took the “robot” idea and implemented it into their research, art, and discoveries.
1927: ‘robot’ in first sci-fi movie
The sci-fi film Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, featured a robotic girl who was physically indistinguishable from the human. The artificially intelligent robot-girl then attacks the town, causing chaos on a futuristic Berlin. This film holds significance because it is the first on-screen depiction of a robot and thus lent inspiration to other famous non-human characters such as C-P30 in Star Wars.
1929:
Japanese biologist and professor Makoto Nishimura created Gakutensoku, the first robot to be built in Japan. Gakutensoku means “learning from the laws of nature,” implying the idea that it could derive knowledge from people and nature. Gakutensoku could change its facial expression and move its head and hands via an air pressure mechanism.
1939: First electronic data processing device
John Vincent Atanasoff (physicist and inventor), alongside his graduate student assistant Clifford Berry, created the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) with a grant of $650 at Iowa State University. The ABC weighed over 320 kg and could solve up to 29 simultaneous linear equations.
1950: Where cool stuff started!!😍😛 😎 😍 😛 😎 😍 😛 😎 😍 😛 😎 😍 😛 😎
1950:
Claude Shannon, “the father of information theory,” published “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess,” which was the first article to discuss the development of a chess-playing computer program.
Also in 1950:
Alan Turing was one of the key figure to solve The Enigma Code from WWII.He published “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” which proposed the idea of The Imitation Game — a question that considered if machines can think. This proposal later became The Turing Test, which measured machine (artificial) intelligence. Turing’s development tested a machine’s ability to think as a human would. The Turing Test became an important component in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, which discusses intelligence, consciousness, and ability in machines.
Movie Recommendation :
‘The Imitation Game’ based on Turing’s life and struggle and his quest to solve the enigma
1955: The word ‘Artificial Intelligence’ is created
John McCarthy and a team of men created a proposal for a workshop on “artificial intelligence.” In 1956 when the workshop took place, the official birth of the word was attributed to McCarthy.
1958:
McCarthy developed Lisp, the most popular and still favored programming language for artificial intelligence research.
1959: [machine learning] term is coined
Samuel coined the term “machine learning” when speaking about programming a computer to play a game of chess better than the human who wrote its program.Machine Learning is the tool which can be used to teach computer with sufficiently less math & coding.
Some More memes
1961: First industrial robot
Unimate, an industrial robot invented by George Devol in the 1950s, became the first to work on a General Motors assembly line in New Jersey. The machine undertook the job of transporting die castings from an assembly line and welding these parts on auto bodies, a dangerous task for workers, who might be poisoned by toxic fumes or lose a limb if they were not careful.
1965: First Chat-bot 🤖 ←😦 😮 😲
Joseph Weizenbaum, computer scientist and professor, developed ELIZA, an interactive computer program that could functionally converse in English with a person. Weizenbaum’s goal was to demonstrate how communication between an artificially intelligent mind versus a human mind was “superficial,” but discovered many people attributed anthropomorphic characteristics to ELIZA.
1966: First general-purpose mobile robot
Shakey the Robot, developed by Charles Rosen was the first general-purpose mobile robot, also known as the “first electronic person.”Shakey had a short list of available actions such as :- traveling from one location to another, turning the light switches on and off, opening and closing the doors, climbing up and down from rigid objects, and pushing movable objects around.
1979:Neocgnitron The premature CNN
Autonomous Vehicle:
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1979: The Stanford Cart, a remote controlled, tv-equipped mobile robot was created by then- mechanical engineering grad student James L. Adams in 1961. In 1979, a “slider,” or mechanical swivel that moved the TV camera from side-to-side, was added by Hans Moravec, then-PhD student.It can video record it’s surrounding and analyze it to plan a path way for to pass through.The cart successfully crossed a chair-filled room without human interference in approximately five hours, making it one of the earliest examples of an autonomous vehicle.
1986: Mercedes-Benz built and released a driverless van equipped with cameras and sensors under the direction of Ernst Dickmanns. It was able to drive up to 55 mph on a road with no other obstacles nor human drivers.
1986:Backpropagation popularized
Backpropagation is the algorthim,the basic functionality in deep lerning is published and popularized.
1989 :Behold the power of CNN
CNN is one of the popular DNN available today.Being the first unique DNN it has sliding patches called ‘kernel’ which moves around the given image and select region of interest(ROI).
1995: Chat-bot as a Docter
Computer scientist Richard Wallace developed the chatbot A.L.I.C.E (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity), inspired by Weizenbaum’s ELIZA. What differentiated A.L.I.C.E. from ELIZA was the addition of natural language sample data collection.
1995:MNIST Dataset is born
MNIST is the dataset of hand written digits stored as a image of pixel density 28*28.Visit tenserflow projector — http://projector.tensorflow.org/
1997: Computer scientists Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber developed Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), a type of a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture used for handwriting and speech recognition.
1997:Five time world chess champion was defeated by an AI program
Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer developed by IBM became the first system to win a chess game and match against Gary Casparov.Deep Blue could explore up to 200 million possible chess positions per second.
(May 11, 1997)
2006:Birth of Modern DEEP LEARNING
Okay,Sorry we need to get back to something.We need to know how Deep Learning(DL), Machine Learning(ML) and AI is connected with each other.Here is a sample van diagram —
Deep Learning is at the heart of AI.Actually, ML is incapable to learn intricate details of data and classify them acrording to it.The feature of any data has to be programed in the ML model while training.Thus, they had to move on to the next level that is DEEP LEARNING.
These memes illustarates the deficiency of ML.
Will discuss how Deep Learning solves all these issues and opens up new areas and pathways to conquer the AI.Now, DL is our Super-power.
RBM
NN
FNN
CNN
Teaching Languages to Machine
NLP — basic Concepts
Representing Words as Number
Embeddings
RNN
GRU
LSTM
NTM
Attention is all you need
Transformer
Attention Head
Multihead-Attention
GPT
GPT2
GPT3
The race for AGI begun
The Next Article will be on Artificial Intelligence:What is Machine learning ? Domains etc.
Before finishing up,we should talk about the level of intelligence and AI.
AI is divided into three types according to the level of its intelligence.
→ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
→AGI
→ASI
